![]() Books that are machine oversewn rather than sewn through the fold do not open well, and their pages tear easily if they become brittle. Gradually, hand-sewing of books decreased in favor of machine sewing. Sometimes different parts of a book respond differently to changes in the environment, causing distortion.Ĭhanges in binding methods also contributed to a decline in binding quality. Adhesives used in binding are also often unstable. Many modern bookcloths (woven fabrics that contain pigments and sizes) used as coverings fade easily and are vulnerable to attack by insects or mold. Wooden boards were replaced by various types of boards made from compressed paper pulp that become acidic over time. Ideally, a binding should be strong and flexible, so that the book opens completely and the pages lay flat.įor brief illustrations of the terms used to refer to the different parts of a book, see the Dartmouth College Preservation Service's A Simple Book Repair Manual website.ĭuring the latter half of the 19th century and much of the 20th century, poor quality paper and boards were used for book construction. Covered with protective material (e.g., leather, parchment, papers, and/or bookcloth), boards were added to protect the pages. These cords, usually hemp cord or linen tape, were laced into the boards. Gradually the process of binding that is still used today was developed: individual folded signatures were sewn through the fold, then the signatures were attached to each other by sewing them to cords placed at right angles to the folded signatures. As vellum (which is more flexible than papyrus) began to be more commonly used, the practice of folding sheets and fastening them together began. The earliest books were in roll form, made from papyrus. The basic form of the book has not changed fundamentally over the centuries, but changes in the materials and methods used in bookbinding have sometimes compromised the quality of the resulting bound volumes. In these objects, the various component materials interact with each other (and sometimes with other nearby objects) to create additional vulnerabilities. These include bookbindings, photographic prints, and various types of reproductions. In this section, you will build on that knowledge as you consider several types of composite structures that are found in paper-based collections. In the previous section, you considered inherent vice within the component materials of paper-based collections. Resources for Town, Municipal, and County Clerks.Caring for Private and Family Collections. ![]() California Emergency Preparedness Consultations.Chapter 5: Disaster Preparedness and Response.Chapter 4: Managing Digital Audiovisual Collections.Chapter 3: Planning, Preparing, and Implementing Reformatting Projects.Chapter 1: Care and Handling of Audiovisual Collections.Fundamentals of AV Preservation Textbook.Digital Preservation Assessment Training.Fundamentals of Photograph Preservation.How Can an Assessment Benefit Your Collection?.Working with Collection Assessments and Consultations."Ready - Or Not": Cultural Heritage Disaster Preparedness Project.Collection and Item Assessments and Consultations.Preservation Assessments and Consultations.Working with Conservation for Private and Family Collections.Working with Conservation for Cultural Institutions and Government Agencies.Collection Assessments and Consultations.Conservation Services for Private and Family Collections.Conservation Services for Cultural Institutions and Government Agencies. ![]()
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